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Pozycja Open Access Analysis of macronutrients content in winter wheat grain of spelt type (Triticum aestivum ssp spelta L.) depending on crop protection, seeding standards and variety(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Gawęda, Dorota; Haliniarz, Małgorzata; Hury, Grzegorz; Gibczyńska, Marzena; Department of Herbology and Plant Cultivation Techniques, University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Department of Herbology and Plant Cultivation Techniques, University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Department of Agronomy, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of crop protection and seeding ratio on the contents of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium) in grain of two spelt cultivars: Polish ‘Rokosz’ and German ‘Schwabenspelz’. The field experiment was conducted in Czesławice in 2014–2015 on lessive soil developed from loess classified as good wheat complex and II bonitation class, slightly acidic. The plowing layer of the soil was characterized by a high content of available forms of phosphorus, potassium and average magnesium. Material for analysis consisted of winter spelt grain. The first experimental factor: winter spelt varieties; second factor: two seeding ratios; third factor: crop protection. The harvest was performed at full grain maturity stage. Content of three basic macronutrients in spelt grain: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, was varied for cultivars. Meanwhile two cultivars did not differ with the amount of magnesium and calcium in grain. ‘Schwabenspelz’ was more abundant than ‘Rokosz’ regarding to studied macronutrients. The increase of plant density resulted in significant reduction in the nitrogen content and increase in the amount of phosphorus in winter spelt grain. The amount of plant density did not affect the abundance of spelt grain in relation to metals included in macronutrients occurring at plants. The crop protection treatments of winter spelt did not impact on the macronutrients content in grain.Pozycja Open Access Analysis of profitability of raw milk production in a commercial farm before and after Poland's accession to the EU(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Pytlewski, Jarosław; Antkowiak, Ireneusz R.; Stanisławski, Daniel; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Nowak, Anna K.; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences,; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences,; Computer Lab, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life SciencesThe aim of this study was to analyse milk production profitability over a period of more than a decade in a commercial farm in terms of two periods: prior to Poland's accession to the EU (from 1998 to April, 2004) and after accession (from May, 2004 to 2012). Obtained source data made it possible to calculate mean annual values for the following items in these calculations: the number of cows, production of milk sold, production of milk to be fed, milk sales price, calf rearing, sales of slaughter cattle, sales of culled cows, total income from milk production, direct costs, feed costs, handling costs, indirect costs including depreciation, total milk production costs, direct costs per 1 l produced milk, total costs per 1 l produced milk, profit/loss from cattle production, profit/loss from 1 l produced milk, value of production per 1 cow, profit/loss from milk production per 1 cow, the ratio of milk sales price to production costs and profitability index for milk production. Within this study data were also collected on profit/loss per 1 l produced milk and milk production profitability indexes in the analysed years. It was shown that following Poland's accession to the EU in the analysed farm statistically highly significant changes were observed in income and costs connected with the production of raw milk. Values of these parameters increased in comparison to the previous period. An increase was recorded in milk production and profit per 1 cow, which was most probably a consequence of breeding work and gained genetic progress and increased productivity in the herd. However, when comparing the period before and after Poland's accession no statistically significant differences were found for profit/loss per 1 l produced milk and milk production profitability indexes. The post-accession period in relation to the previous period was characterised by more dynamic changes in profitability indexes for raw milk production, which resulted in a lesser stability in profitability for this branch of animal production.Pozycja Open Access Analysis of results assessment of growth rates of simmental beef cattle in Poland(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Przysucha, Tomasz; Gołębiewski, Marcin; Wnęk, Karolina; Slósarz, Jan; Kunowska-Slósarz, Małgorzata; Balcerak, Marek; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life SciencesThe aim of the study was to assess the utility of selected results of Simmental breed with respect to their compliance with the goal of racial breeding and standards adopted by the Polish Association of Breeders and Producers of Beef Cattle (PABPBC). The subject of the analysis were recording results of the Simmental beef cattle breed. The study was based on data for the years 2002–2014 of PABPBC and the National Center of Animal Breeding (NCAB) for 2000–2001. Evaluated properties are: average weight of cows [kg], the average body weight of calves after birth [kg], the terms of cows and heifers calving aptitude, the distribution of the population according to the order of calving cows. The average weight of cows in 2005–2006 amounting to 568.5 and 522.5 kg meet the breeding standards for of cows entered in the initial part of the herd book. which define the minimum weight of Simmental cows after first calving as 470 kg. The average weight at birth of heifers after 2009 began be lower than 33 kg. In purebred bulls decrease in the average birth weight was noticed.The average daily gains of heifers (550–560 g), guarantee obtaining at 15 months of age body weight allowing the commencement of breedingPozycja Open Access Assessment of the quality of raw milk purchased depending on the production scale(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Wójcik, Jerzy; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Pilarczyk, Renata; Rzewucka-Wójcik, Edyta; Jaszczowska, Jadwiga; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe purpose of the conducted studies was the assessment of the quality of raw milk purchased by the dairy plant, including the purchase volume, the quality of the raw milk and the seasonality of its purchase. Farms were divided by the amount of milk produced: 1 group to 5000 kg of milk per month; 2 groups 5001–10 000 kg of milk; 3 groups of 10 001 to 15 000 milk per month; 4 group over 15 000 kg of milk per month. A slightly higher percentage of fat in milk from group 4 was found. The microbiological purity of milk was similar in all groups, highlighting the small LKS and OLB. The existing seasonality of production has been observed. The production volume during the summer period was about 18% higher. It seems appropriate to continue to specialize farms and introduce in the bigger farms the full-year feeding system (TMR).Pozycja Open Access Behaviour of calves(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Neja, Wojciech; Jankowska, Małgorzata; Bogucki, Mariusz; Krężel-Czopek, Sylwia; Zielińska, Sylwia; Ozkaya, Serkan; Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz; Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz; Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz; Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz; Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz; Department of Animal Science, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, TurkeyThe activity of calves depends mainly on the way they are housed and not on their age. Because compromised welfare early in life may affect the profitability of future production, calves need to be fed colostrum after birth because their digestive tract is not physiologically active. Calves nurse their dams 7 times per day on average (for up to 70 minutes in total). Weaned calves are generally fed twice per day. Calves have the strongest sucking need between 4 and 5 weeks of age. Several-day-old calves that are housed in separate pens and artificially fed, spend around one-fifth of the day foraging or eating. Cattle have well-developed sense organs. The animals use their senses for foraging, spatial orientation, and social contacts. Cattle normally walk, and trot when frightened. Young calves often indulge in galloping, kicking with hind legs. During disease, the behaviour of calves considerably differs from normal. They respond differently to the environment, their appetite decreases, with changes in thirst, and sometimes in external appearance. Inadequate welfare levels lead to abnormal forms of behaviour, which are reflected in problems adapting to the environment (Kokocińska and Kaleta 2016).Pozycja Open Access The effect of modification of salt composition on the quality of sausages storage in modified atmosphere(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Pytel-Zając, Olga; Sobczak, Małgorzata; Lachowicz, Kazimierz; Żochowska-Kujawska, Joanna; Balowski, Mateusz; Lisiecki, Sławomir; Department of Meat Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Meat Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Meat Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Meat Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Meat Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe study compared the effect of salt composition modifications (substitution of NaCl by MgCl2 at 10, 20 and 30%) and cold storage at MAP on quality of medium ground pork sausages. The amount of mass losses (both thermal and storage), values of TPA parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess) and sensory attributes (appearance, texture, taste) of produced sausages were assessed. As a result of analysis, it was found that the addition of MgCl2 to a salt used in the production of sausages mainly increased the hardness, gumminess and thermal stability as well as induced some defects in taste profile. At the same time, it was found that replacement of 10% NaCl on MgCl2 allows to obtain a product of similar quality to the controls (produced only with NaCl addition).Pozycja Open Access The effectiveness of disinfection methods on germination of goji seeds (Lycium barbarum L.) in in vitro culture(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Kruczek, Arleta; Krupa-Małkiewicz, Marcelina; Ochmian, Ireneusz; Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinUsing disinfectant components is one of main ways to control of fungal and bacterial contaminations in the in vitro culture. Alternative to commonly used chemicals is ozonation. The present study was focused on the efficiency of seeds disinfection of two goji cultivars ‘A’ and ‘New Big’ using eight different treatments, 7%, 10% and 15% NaOCl and 0.2% HgCl2 for 15 minutes each, O3 gas and O3 in water for 5 and 15 minutes. The highest percentage of germinated seeds of ‘A’ and ‘New Big’ (respectively 62% and 78%) with the lowest number of infections (respectively 8% and 14%) was obtained after using 7% NaOCl solution. Less effective was 0.2% HgCl2 solution, where the percentage of germinated seeds of ‘A’ and ‘New Big’ was lower (respectively 37% and 30%). However, after O3 in water treatment of goji ‘A’ and ‘New Big’ for 15 minutes the percentage of germinated seeds was the highest (respectively 47%, and 53%) and sterility of the cultures of goji ‘A’ was 100%. In addition to, the ozonation of the seeds showed similar disinfection efficiency, as with 15% NaOCl solution. Therefore, ozone gas makes an alternative for commonly used disinfectants.Pozycja Open Access The evaluation of efficacy of Valbazen (Pflizer) in the treatment of gastro-intestinal tract parasite invasions in beef cattle of West Pomerania(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Juszczak, Marta; Uchwał, Paulina; Stępkowska, Paulina; Tomza-Marciniak, Agnieszka; Department of Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction and Environmental Hygiene West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction and Environmental Hygiene West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction and Environmental Hygiene West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction and Environmental Hygiene West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe aim of the study was to evaluate the extensity and intensity of gastro-intestinal parasitic infections in Limousine beef cattle in West Pomerania, Poland, and to assess the efficacy of Valbazen (Pfizer Inc., USA) in a treatment of cattle parasitic infections. The extensity of parasite infections in the examined cattle before the study was 100%. The study has shown the presence of gastro-intestinal nematodes, Eimeria sp. protozoa and Moniezia sp. tapeworms. The extensity of infection of gastro-intestinal nematodes and Moniezia sp. tapeworms was 97.8%, whereas in Eimeria sp. – 86.7%. The efficacy of Valbazen was checked on 21. day after the specimen application. The results of our study indicate a high efficacy of deworming procedure with Valbazen by Pfizer. The study has confirmed that the problem of presence of digestive tract parasites in beef cattle is still live. This in turn indicates the need of undertaking the screening studies in beef herds.Pozycja Open Access Feasibility of using Festuca arundinacea for regeneration of grasslands by means of full cultivation method on organic soil(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Czyż, Henryk; Jänicke, Heidi; Kitczak, Teodor; Bury, Marek; Department of Soil Science, Grassland Science and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Soil Science, Grassland Science and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Landesforschungsanstalt fűr Landwirtschaft und Fischerei MV in Dummerstorf, Germany; Department of Agronomy, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe study was carried out in the Randow river valley, on grassland belonging to the farm – Raminer Agrar GmbH & Co (Germany). Restoration of grassland located on organic soil, was carried out using the full cultivation method. The study included mixtures with the predominant participation of Festuca arundinacea. The assessment included the characteristics of floristic composition, sodding, and general appearance of meadow sward, level of yielding, and uniformity of biomass production during the growing season. The average results from the years of research (2012, 2013 and 2015) showed that the applied mixtures were similar in terms of yield, although the mixture of Festuca arundinacea with Dactylis glomerata – 50% each, and the mixture of Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne – should be distinguished. Of the studied varieties, Festuca arundinacea (‘Lipalma’, ‘Kora’, ‘Hykor’, ‘Fawm’), the greatest production potential characterized the Hykor cv. Festuca pratensis and Phleum pratense appeared to be less useful for multi-cutting management. Overall results show considerable usefulness of Festuca arundinacea in mixtures with Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne and Festulolium for the regeneration of grassland on organic soilsPozycja Open Access Game meat management in selected areas of the siedlce hunting district(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Bombik, Elżbieta; Bombik, Antoni; Łagowska, Katarzyna; Maliszewski, Gabriel; Bednarczyk, Małgorzata; Department of Reproduction and Animal Hygiene, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Agronomy, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Reproduction and Animal Hygiene, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Reproduction and Animal Hygiene, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Reproduction and Animal Hygiene, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesAround 25% of acquired game animal carcasses are given to the hunters for their own personal use, the remainder is stored in game meat depots. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the purchased game meat, particularly: the game animal species, the amount and mass of purchased carcasses and the carcass class in selected hunting zones in the Siedlce Hunting District, including the impact of the hunting period and the season of the year. In total, the Game Meat Depot (PSD) purchased 230 boar carcasses from all the analysed hunting zones in the hunting periods included in this study, summing up to 12 438 kg of total carcass weight. The mean carcass weight of boars purchased from the studied hunting zones was between 28 and 123 kg. The study has shown a significant impact of the hunting period and season of the year on the mean boar carcass weight. 149 roebuck carcasses where purchased from the studied hunting zones, summing up to 2795 kg of total carcass weight, with the mean carcass weight between 16 and 21 kg. 138 roe deer doe carcasses where purchased during the autumn and winter of the studied hunting periods, summing up to 2454 kg of carcass weight, with the mean carcass weight between 14 and 20 kg. 27 roe deer fawn carcasses where purchased, summing up to 360 kg of carcass weight, with the mean carcass weight between 11 and 17 kg. The study did not reveal significant differences in the mean carcass weights between the hunting periods and seasons of the year for this species. Most carcasses of the researched species were ranked as first class game.Pozycja Open Access Impact of form and dose of nitrogen fertilizers on the technological value of spring triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus)(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Stankowski, Sławomir; Sobolewska, Magdalena; Jaroszewska, Anna; Michalska, Bożena; Department of Agronomy, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Agronomy, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Agronomy, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Meteorology and Shaping Landscape Architecture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe field experiment conducted in 2013–2014 at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Lipnik (53o42′ N, 14o97′ S), West Pomeranian Technological University in Szczecin, on light, good rye complex soil. The experimental material consisted of spring triticale grain of 'Nagano' cv. The first experimental factor was the type of fertilizer. Ammonium nitrate was used, ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen, as well as Sulfammo 30 N PRO, ammonium and amide forms of nitrogen. The second experimental factor was doses of nitrogen fertilization: 0 (control), 40, 80, 120 kg N . ha–1. Determined the selected physico-chemical quality traits of grain and farinographic properties of dough. No significant effect of the applied nitrogen fertilizer type and nitrogen fertilization dose was observed on: TGW, test weight, grain fraction, falling number and Zeleny index of the spring triticale grain,. The highest content of proteins were in grain of spring triticale fertilized with the dose of 120 kg N . ha–1. The increasing nitrogen fertilization increased the water absorption of flour and dough stability, while reduced the degree of dough softening. Sulfammo 30 N-Pro significantly improved the dough stability as compared to the ammonium nitrate. There were significant, positive correlations between: protein content in spring triticale grain and dough development time and its stability.Pozycja Open Access Inter- and intra-breed variation in ejaculate characteristics and in the morphology, dimensions and shape of spermatozoa of boars used for artificial insemination(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Górski, Krzysztof; Kondracki, Stanisław; Wysokińska, Anna; Department of Bioengineering and Animal Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce; Department of Bioengineering and Animal Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce; Department of Bioengineering and Animal Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, SiedlceThe aim of this study was to evaluate inter-bred and intra-breed variation in ejaculates and the morphology, dimensions and shape of spermatozoa of boars used for artificial insemination. The results obtained from this study suggested that there is relatively high intraand inter-breed variation in the basic characteristics of ejaculates. The ejaculates of the Landrace and Large White boars have markedly greater volume than those of the Duroc boars or the Duroc × Pietrain crossbreds, while the ejaculates of the Landrace boars contain more sperm cells than those of boars of other breeds. The spermatozoa of the crossbred boars exhibit lower motility than the sperm of other breeds. Results revealed that factors other than breed have a much greater influence on the frequency of morphological sperm defects. The morphometric dimensions of sperm cells are characterized by low intra-breed variation and relatively high inter-breed variation. The results showed that the sperm of Landrace boars had the largest head area. The spermatozoa of the Large White boars had the shortest heads and their tails were significantly shorter than those of the sperm of other breeds.Pozycja Open Access Nutritional value of granulated adult dog feed(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Łysoń, Ewelina; Biel, Wioletta; Cierniak, Maja; Kavetska, Katarzyna M.; Department of Pig Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Pig Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Laboratory of Biology and Ecology of Parasites, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Laboratory of Biology and Ecology of Parasites, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinOne of the most popular methods of feeding dogs is giving them complete commercial feeds. When a decision is made to feed the dog with a dry food, selection of feed should not be made based on its price but in the first place on its quality. The research material consisted of 9 commercial maintenance feeds for adult dogs. The feeds tested were in granular form. Basic chemical composition in dry matter was determined for each feed (total protein, crude fiber, crude fat, crude ash and nitrogen-free extracts). Obtained results were compared with data provided by the manufacturers on labels of testes feeds. Metabolisable energy was calculated for each feed, based on the calculated chemical composition. All tested feeds satisfied minimal demand for total protein and crude fat. Three of them did not, however, meet minimum standard for adult dog feeds with respect to the level of metabolisable energy. Comparison of data on nutritional value provided by the manufacturers with results of own analyses showed that in several cases the manufacturers over- or underestimated content of particular nutrients. In 6 out of 9 feeds the manufacturers declared significantly higher content of protein. In one case the manufacturer declared significantly lower fat content that the one resulting from performed chemical analyses.Pozycja Open Access Processing technology and the industrial application of whey(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Skryplonek, Katarzyna; Jasińska, Małgorzata; Department of Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinWhey is a by-product of dairy industry obtained during cheese and casein production. Despite the low dry matter content, whey is a valuable by-product in terms of functional and nutritional properties and it has high potential of application. In the past it was treated as a problematic waste, but nowadays due to increasing amount of whey production and better knowledge about its properties, the whey processing technology is dynamically developing. The aim of the review was a presentation of methods used in whey application and characterization of formulations obtained from whey. Furthermore the article presents the current trends of whey utilizing mainly in the production of food and also in other branches of industry.Pozycja Open Access Production parameters of PHF cows depending on varying housing conditions during lactation(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Mróz, Piotr; Wójcik, Piotr; Cwynar, Marzena; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production Krakow; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production Krakow; KR Kietrz Ltd., KietrzThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of varying housing conditions on production parameters of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. The animals from the Experimental Station of the National Research Institute of Animal Production in Chorzelow were divided into three groups differing in housing conditions. The differentiating variables were access to outdoor areas and area per animal. Cows were also subjected to changes in stocking density and regrouping. The results showed that among cows without outdoor access, those with a space allowance of 3.8 m2/cow produced 2 kg less milk than those with a floor space of 7.74 m2/cow. Increasing stocking density from 3.8 to 2.71 m2/head reduced milk production by 8.9 kg. In cows with outdoor access, decreasing floor space allowance from 7.74 to 5.35 m2/head reduced milk production by 7.46 kg. Two changes in the living area, including increased floor space (in another group) from 6.24 to 17.6 m2 also caused milk yield to decrease by 6 kg. The decreases in milk yield increased the solids content per litre of milk. The study found that housing system and stocking density determine the level of milk production. Too frequent changes in stocking density, as well as regroupings have a negative effect on milk yield.Pozycja Open Access Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae virulence in central and south-eastern Poland in 2014(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Sowa, Sylwia; Paczos-Grzęda, Edyta; Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in LublinLosses caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae are an almost universal problem for oat growers. Mild winters and wet summers are conducive to fungal growth, leading to recurrent annual infection in Poland and consequent high losses in yield and grain quality. Host genetic resistance is the preferred approach to control crown rust on both economic and environmental grounds. However, rapid evolution of the pathogen leads to risk of breakdown of resistance, and hence to a constant need to monitor crop susceptibility. The objective of this work was to characterize the virulence of P. coronata populations collected during the summer of 2014 in central and south-eastern Poland to evaluate the effectiveness of some known crown rust resistance genes in oats. Virulence was studied using seedlings of 27 reference lines containing different Pc genes by means of host-pathogen tests under conditions of controlled temperature, humidity and lighting. Crown rust populations from diverse oat-growing regions were clearly distinguished. All tested P. coronata samples were avirulent toward Pc50, Pc52, Pc59, Pc60, Pc71, Pc91, Pc94 genes. Only one sample was virulent, if resistance was covered by Pc70. Occasional virulence was observed toward Pc48 and Pc68. Tested P. coronata samples defeated resistance of Pc51, Pc56, Pc58 as well as Pc39, Pc57 and Pc104 differential lines relatively rare. Results showed that crown rust populations occurring in central and south-eastern Poland characterized relatively low virulence, and because of the fact many sources of resistance against P. coronata are still effective. Pc genes can be introduced and combined in form of gene pyramids into Polish oat cultivars in order to increase the crown rust resistance spectrum.Pozycja Open Access Selected factors which cause fertility disorders in dairy cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Medyk, Pamela; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe aim of the study was to identify selected factors influencing the dairy cows' reproductive disorders and some mistakes made by breeders in running herd, especially concerning feeding. Environmental factors influencing fertility were analysed and factors influencing its disorders were characterized. As one of the main causes of fertility disorders in large herds was indicated inappropriate veterinary care.Pozycja Open Access Some features of the structure of a flying feather domestic goose (Anser anser)(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Kostiuk, Volodymyr; Voloshchuk, Oksana; Department of Anatomy of Animals, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Anatomy of Animals, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineIt was found out the quantity of rectrices tail feathers and all kinds of remiges wing of domestic goose. There were described the features of macro- and micro-structure and morphometric parameters remiges and rectrices – calamus, pulp case, rachis pennae and barbules pennae. It was established that the medulla rhachis stems are heterogeneous. More dense areas of it together with substance of the rachis of the feathers form the skeleton of the rachis. It is discovered that rami pennae remiges are interconnected with each other not with also only barbules pennae but ventral ridge.Pozycja Open Access Yield and seed quality of spring oilseed crops(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Lykhochvor, Andriy; Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian region NAAS, Lviv, UkraineThe aim of researches was to establish the yield of spring oilseed crops, namely, rape, false flax, white mustard and Brassica juncea, oil radish and flax and to define the competitiveness of false flax comparing with these crops. The researches were carried out on dark-grey light loamy soils. Besides, field, chemical, counting-weight methods of researches were used. The data of field researches of yield and seeds quality of oilseed crops are presented. The highest yield of spring crops was observed in spring rape – 2.45–2.50 t/ha as to flax and false flax, respectively, it was 2.16–2.25 t/ha and 2.18–2.23 t/ha. It should be noted that flax (51.5%), Brassica juncea (45.8%) and false flax (44.3%) is characterized by high oil content. The analysis results of fatty acid composition shows that the most valuable in physiological respect is the oil from flax and false flax. The oil of these crops contains extremely healthy human composition of fatty acids, from which only 10% saturated fatty acids and 90% unsaturated ones. These crops contain omega-3 – 50.2–57.8%, omega-6 – 19,3–19,8% and omega-9 – 15.8–17.0%. That’s why the oil can effectively reduce cholesterol level and has other important medical properties.