FPUTS seria Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica, 2019
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Pozycja Open Access The Effect of Age on the Quality of Broiler Duck Meat(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Biesiada-Drzazga, Barbara; Banaszewska, Dorota; Brodzik, Urszula; Department of Breeding Methods and Poultry Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Breeding Methods and Poultry Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Breeding Methods and Poultry Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesThe aim of the study was to evaluate selected quality characteristics of duck meat depending on the age of the ducks. The material consisted of 100 Pekin – STAR 53 H.Y. crossbred meat ducks of French origin. The ducks were reared for 8 weeks. During the entire period they were reared in an intensive system as broilers. The breast muscles contained from 22.15% to 23.34% crude protein, and the content of this component increased slightly with the age of the ducks. There was a marked increase in crude fat content in these muscles. The leg muscles of the ducks contained less crude protein than the breast muscles (from 21.03% to 22.34%) and markedly more crude fat (from 4.17% to 6.80%). No changes were observed in cholesterol content in the muscles in successive weeks of rearing; only an increasing tendency was noted for cholesterol content as fat content increased in the muscles. The breast muscles contained on average from 2 to 22 μg of retinol and from 10 to 28 μg of gamma-tocopherol per 100 g of muscle tissue, while the leg muscles contained from 10 to 22 μg of retinol and from 10 to 30 μg of gamma-tocopherol. As in the breast muscles, age was not found to affect retinol content in the leg muscles, but the amount of gamma-tocopherol in the leg muscles changed in a reverse in direction as in the breast muscles, i.e. it increased with the age of the ducks. The lipids of the breast muscles of the ducks in weeks 6, 7 and 8 of rearing contained from 46.0% to 47.8% saturated fatty acids (SFA) and from 52.2% to 54.0% unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). An increase was observed in the share of UFA and a decrease in that of SFA between the ages of 6 and 8 weeks. The leg muscles contained markedly less SFA and more UFA than the breast muscles.Pozycja Open Access Bactericidal and Fungicidal Activity of the Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) Essential Oil(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Stachurska, Xymena; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandThe aim of this study was to in vitro determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oil obtained from wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum) against three test microorganisms representing species: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The research was carried out using the disk diffusion assay. The activity of TSL oil was analyzed at various concentrations ranging from 200 μL/mL to 2.0 μL/mL, assessing the diameters of zones of inhibited growth. After averaging the obtained values, the range of antimicrobial activity of TSL was determined based on reference data. TSL essential oil showed only moderate inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli at concentrations of 200 and 125 μL/mL, and a large inhibitory effect against C. albicans at concentrations of 200, 125 and 62.5 μL/mL and moderate at a concentration of 31.2 μL/mL. On this basis, the MIC value was determined for the C. albicans test strain of 62.5 μL/mL, considering it the most effective. In addition, it was found that carvacrol - one of the major components of TSL – can show strong growth inhibitory effects in both fungi and bacteria selected species.Pozycja Open Access The Effect of Casein Content in Raw Milk on Retention of Basic Ingredients in Pasteurized Milk and Raw Curd(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Salamończyk, Ewa; Młynek, Krzysztof; Zielińska, Karolina; Department of Cattle, Sheep Breeding and Milk Evaluation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland; Department of Cattle, Sheep Breeding and Milk Evaluation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland; Department of Cattle, Sheep Breeding and Milk Evaluation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, PolandThe aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of casein content in milk on cheese yield and the ability to retain the basic ingredients in the raw curds and their migration to whey. The research material was 61 samples of pasteurized milk from Holstein-Friesian cows. Only raw material of acidity in the range of 6.5–7.5°SH and meeting the cytological standards was included in the experiments. Milk was assigned to one of one of two classes of casein content (CCA). The threshold value of division of the raw material was set at 2.43%. The content of protein, fat, dry matter, solids-not-fat was determined in pasteurized milk, whey, raw curd. The higher content of casein in raw milk had a positive effect on the retention of basic ingredients in the pasteurized milk, raw curd at the same time lower protein content in whey. More cheese mass was obtained from milk with higher casein content. For reasons of milk processing practice, it should be recognized that in case of milk produced for cheese-making, the casein level should be casein content exceeding the 2.43%.Pozycja Open Access Slaughter Value of Polish Landrace Fatteners from Farms in Central-Eastern Poland(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Radzikowski, Daniel; Sieczkowska, Halina; Kalińska, Aleksandra; Gołębiewski, Marcin; Ostaszewska, Urszula; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, PolandThe aim of this work is to evaluate the slaughter value of porkers from individual farms in the same producer group located in central-eastern Poland. The research was conducted on 322 fatteners of the Polish Landrace breed. The research material was classified according to two research factors: supplier and season of the year. One group of fatteners was slaughtered in the autumn (September–October) and the second in spring (April–May). The studied population of fatteners was characterized by high meatiness at an average level of 58% and average hot carcass weight of 89.99 kg. All carcasses were classified as the highest classes of the SEUROP system: 29.81% as class S, 51.86% as class E and 18.32% as class U. A statistically significant influence of supplier was found for hot carcass weight, thickness of the longissimus dorsi muscle at M1, and slaughtering efficiency. A statistically significant influence of slaughtering season on hot carcass weight and back fat thickness at points S1 and S2 was also found. Pigs slaughtered in spring were found to have a lower hot carcass weight and thinner back fat than those slaughtered in autumn. The interaction between supplier and slaughtering season was found to be statistically significant for hot carcass weight, meatiness, thickness of the longissimus dorsi at M2, and thickness of back fat measured at S1. The obtained research results indicate the high slaughter value of porkers kept in individual farms within the same producer group, and that the pork obtained from these pigs meets the requirements set by the meat industry and consumers.Pozycja Open Access FTO and PLIN2 Genes Polymorphism in Relation to Growth Traits of Pigs(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Polasik, Daniel; Kamionka, Eva Maria; Tyra, Mirosław; Zagrobelny, Dagmara; Żak, Grzegorz; Terman, Arkadiusz; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandFTO and PLIN2 genes are considered as a markers for fat-related traits in pigs. However, high expression of these genes in muscle tissues and earlier studies suggest, that they can be also associated with growth. Therefore the aim of this study was to analyze polymorphism in FTO (g.400C > G) and PLIN2 (g.98G > A) genes in relation to growth traits in pigs. The study were conducted on 578 sows including following breeds: Duroc, Hampshire, Polish Landrace, Pietrain, Puławska and Polish Large White. FTO and PLIN2 genes polymorphism was determined by use PCR-RFLP and ACRS-PCR methods respectively. Association analysis was performed for Polish Landrace, Puławska and Polish Large White separately and for joined group of 6 breeds. The results show that FTO genotypes were related only to test daily gain in Polish Large White pigs (p < 0.05). PLIN2 gene variants, however were associated with test daily gain in Polish Landrace, Puławska (p < 0.01) and joined group (p < 0.05), average daily gain in Puławska (p < 0.01), feed:gain ratio in joined group (p < 0.05) and age at slaughter and number of days on test in Puławska (p < 0.01) and joined group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively). Obtained results show that PLIN2 gene is more related to growth traits in pigs than FTO, but needs further analysis and explanation.Pozycja Open Access Ichthology and Economic Importance of Baltic Herring in Polish Fish Industry(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Sawicki, Tomasz; Juszczak, Magda; Szymczak, Mariusz; Department of Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandFor Polish fishery herring is a common material acquired from Baltic Sea. Despite the homogeneity of this species, herring is divided for many different types due to the geographical location of each shoal. Differences in the anatomic features between the types of herring indicate many adaptation attributes to environment in which this species lives. As a result, geographical division influences on spawning season, amount of laid eggs, size of eggs and the spawning period. These attributes are related with environmental conditions of given season. Herring belongs to fat fish, what affects meat properties, processing methods and types of products that can be obtained. Spawning season decides about mass yield of herring production and sensory quality of products. Herring meat is good source of necessary unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins. The composition of herring meat indicates that it is favourable element of daily diet. Moreover, the price of this species is low in comparison to other fish. Additional benefit of the processing is, that also herring by-products find technological applications what reduces loss in fish processing industry.Pozycja Open Access The Most Common Allergic Diseases in Dogs(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Dopierała, Marta; Andraszek, Katarzyna; Department of Animal Genetics and Horse Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland; Department of Animal Genetics and Horse Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, PolandAllergies affect not only people, but animals as well, including dogs. Allergic diseases are often observed in veterinary practice. There are many factors and substances in the environment around us that can cause allergic reactions. These are known as allergens. They may be of plant or animal origin, but may also be chemical compounds. Allergies in dogs have become a common topic of discussion in veterinary surgeries. Many dogs, purebred or of mixed breeds, are diagnosed for allergies. There are many reasons for the occurrence of allergies, from genetic predisposition to the environmental conditions in which the animal lives. Allergies in dogs are troublesome because when diagnosed too late or left untreated they can lead to serious health complications.Pozycja Open Access The Impact of the Application of Brewer's By-Product Roasted Barley Husks on Selected Parameters of Rumen Fermentation of Dairy Cows. In Vitro Study(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Formella, Rachela Anna; Pecka-Kiełb, Ewa; Zawadzki, Wojciech; Adamski, Maciej; Department of Cattle Breeding and Milk Production, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Institute of Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Institute of Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Cattle Breeding and Milk Production, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, PolandThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of brewer's by-product roasted barley husks additive (RBH) on the cow's rumen fermentation process, in in vitro conditions. Ruminal fluid for the research was collected from 9 dairy cows selected on the basis of analogues. Animals were fed total mixed ratio (TMR). The substrates for in vitro experiment were composed on the basis of TMR. Control substrate contained only TMR. Substrates D1, D2, D3 contained TMR with the addition of respectively: 5, 10 and 15% of dry matter of RBH. Substrate D4 contained only RBH. Samples of ruminal fluid were incubated for 8 hours, in anaerobic conditions, at 39°C. A desirable effect of applying RBH was observed in groups D3 and D4 – the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased. Furthermore, positive effects were observed in groups D2 and D4 – acetic acid production decreased (by up to 7%). Reduced methane production (up to 10%) was observed in experimental groups which indicates that animals would have smaller energy losses. Most beneficial changes in the VFA profile and the highest growth of non-glucogenic and glucogenic acids ratio (NGR) were recorded in D3 group samples. Positive results in this matter are promising as the roasted barley husks are a by-product of beer production and its usage has both economic and ecologic benefits. Obtained results in the in vitro study are the prerequisites to carry out an in vivo experiment.Pozycja Open Access Drug Resistance of Pseudomonas spp. Strains Isolated from Water Reservoirs and Sewage Treatment Plants in Szczecin(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Wrzecińska, Marcjanna; Student Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in SzczecinThe increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has become a global problem. Among 12 most alarming bacteria, the WHO recognized carbapaneme-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa as resistant to carbapenems as a critical threat. These bacteria can cause nosocomial infections and are common in the natural environment, including in water used as bathing beach. For this reason, effective detection is necessary to prevent infections more effectively. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance of representatives of Pseudomonas genus isolated from the environment. Water from reservoirs located in Szczecin and an one sample of activated sludge were examined. Seven strains were selected for further studies. The basic physiological and biochemical characteristics of the genus Pseudomonas along with antibiotic resistance were examined. Mobility was assessed on Swarm Agar (Caiazza et al. 2005) and confirmed under phase-contrast microscope. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain resistant to aztreonam was discovered among the isolates. Studies have shown that water reservoirs that are used for recreational purposes and water intake may be a reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria, including a carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Detection of these microorganisms could serve as a marker of water contamination that would prevent Pseudomonas infections and decrease the spreading of this bacteria among people and animals.Pozycja Open Access Water Use Efficiency and Spad Index of Fruit Trees Grown under Different Water Conditions(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Jaroszewska, Anna; Podsiadło, Cezary; Stachurska, Dorota; Department of Agronomy, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Agronomy, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Agronomy, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandThe experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 in the Agricultural Experimental Station in Lipnik (53°20′35″N 14°58′10″E), Poland. The main goal of the study was to assess the characteristic features associated with water use efficiency and index of leaf greening of fruit trees. The experiment was designed by the randomized block method in 7 replications (one tree – one replicate) for cherry cv. ’Łutówka’, 5 replications for sweet cherry cv. ‘Vanda’, 7 replications for apple cv. ‘Rubinola’ and 4 replication for plum cv. ‘Amers’. The experimental factor was under-crown watering: 0 – control objects with no irrigation, W – irrigated objects, at the level of moisture –0.01 MPa of the water potential. Irrigated cherry and sweet cherry trees were characterized by significantly lower assimilation and transpiration intensity as well as stomatal conductance. In apple and plum cultivation, irrigation remarkably enhanced the assimilation and transpiration intensity. All tested fruit tree species grown on irrigated objects were distinguished by higher value of water use efficiency (WUE) and momentary water use efficiency (WUEI). Index of leaf greening was significantly lower for irrigated trees.Pozycja Open Access Ichthology, Breeding and Economic Importance of Rainbow Trout in Poland(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Juszczak, Magda; Sawicki, Tomasz; Szymczak, Mariusz; Kamiński, Patryk; Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, PolandOne of the most well-known species of farmed fish in the world is rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In Poland, aside from rainbow trout, there are two more species: brook trout and brown trout, that have significantly lower importance. Adaptation features of rainbow trout, including high tolerance for varied nutrients and different environments, and low surface requirements, have allowed for effective breeding of this species. Breeding and husbandry takes place in ponds, which are adapted to size, quantity and the age of fish to ensure the best possible environmental conditions. Rainbow trout meat is a very good source of protein, vitamins, minerals, unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids. In distribution, rainbow trout occur in various forms, both fresh fish, gutted, fillets and smoked fish.Pozycja Open Access Metal Nanoparticles - Their Use and Impact on Plants Growing in Laboratory Conditions(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Bednarek, Martyna; Mgłosiek, Oktawia; Kulpa, Danuta; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandThere is an increasing interest in nanotechnology all around the world. Nanoparticles differ from the classic material from which they are made in that they change their physical and chemical properties below certain sizes. Thanks to these properties, they are used both in scientific research, medicine and industry, and in recent years also in agriculture. Depending on the type of metal and size of the particules, however, their impact on plant development varies.There are different reports concerning the impact of nanoparticles on the growth and development of plants. In this paper, we gather the knowledge acquired up to now on the interactions of specified nanoparticles – of gold, silver, copper and platinum with plants cultivated in laboratory conditions. The existing research does not allow us to determine unequivocally what impact nanometals have on the plants. The properties that make them unique may have both a negative and positive impact on plants. In a great deal of research, the impact of the nanoparticles on the decrease of the plants’ growth and formation of sorter shoots and roots was observed. A high concentration of nanoparticles was also decreasing the chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance rates. The contact of plants with nanoparticles was also manifesting itself by an increased oxidative stress, as a result of which in plant tissues, an over-production of reactive oxygen species damaging lipids of the cell membrane and the DNA was observed. A slower regeneration of plants and their dieback was frequently observed in the case of the addition of nanoparticles to nutrient mediums in the in vitro cultures. By carrying out a series of research with the use of nanoparticles, researchers concluded that their appropriate concentrations may be used in order to improve seed germination, increase growth and plant production as well as their protection and improvement of production of bioactive compounds.Pozycja Open Access Behavioural Traits of Cats (Felis catus) - Importance for Humans(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Dmitruk, Maria; Kołdziejczyk, Dorota; Horoszewicz, Elżbieta; Andraszek, Katarzyna; Department of Animal Genetics and Horse Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland; Department of Breeding Methods and Poultry Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland; Department of Cattle, Sheep and Milk Evaluation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland; Department of Animal Genetics and Horse Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, PolandAmong companion animals, the behaviour of the cat is least known and understood. For years it has been a mystery to many people. It is difficult to correctly assess and read a cat’s facial expressions, tail movements and perception of the world. Increasing attention is being paid to developing proper relationships with animals and improving our understanding of their language. This study describes the body language of cats, with particular focus on the expression of the emotional states of these popular pets.Pozycja Open Access Methanogenesis and Synthesis of Volatile Fatty Acids in the Rumen of Cows and Their Changeability Under the Influence of Ensiled Plants Additives(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Mikołajczyk, Katarzyna; Pecka-Kiełb, Ewa; Zachwieja, Andrzej; Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Department of Cattle Breeding and Milk Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life SciencesThe aim of the research was determining the influence of select silages used in cow breeding on the production of methane and volatile fatty acids in the rumen digesta in the in vitro study. The rumen digesta for the experiment were obtained from 10 Polish Holstein-Frisian cows of black and white variety with a probe. The sampled digesta were then diluted in buffer solution and homogenized. To prepare fermentation samples, the digesta were placed in serum bottles with 1 g of supplementary substrates: I – corn silage, II – grass silage. The bottles were then flushed in CO2 and in vitro fermentation was performed at 39oC for 8 and 24 h. After the fermentation, the amount of fermentation gas was measured and the general concentration and profile of VFA were determined using a gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies 7890A GC System). The research determined the influence of corn and grass silages on the production of methane in the cow rumen, the synthesis of VFA and the changeability of particular VFA fraction shares in the process of in vitro fermentation. The use of grass silage decreases methane production in the fermentation of rumen digesta. Corn silage used as a substrate in the fermentation of ruminal fluid increases propionate and butyrate production. The obtained results suggest that the use of grass silage reduces methane production in the rumen digesta of cows, but because of changes in the proportion of propionate and butyrate it is necessary to supplement the cow feed with grass silage as well.Pozycja Open Access Dependencies Between Cattle Breed and Profitability of Raw Milk Production(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Pytlewski, Jarosław; Antkowiak, Ireneusz R.; Powchowicz, Mikołaj; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandThe aim of the study was to compare profitability of raw milk production in two herds, one of Jersey cows (J) and the other of Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cows (PHF), owned by the same economic entity. In this study daily actual and standardised (FCM and VCM) milk yields as well as milk composition were compared between Jersey and PHF cows in terms of age groups (primiparous vs. multiparous cows). Within the Jersey and PHF breeds for each year of the analysed period a balance of revenue and costs from raw milk production was prepared, while production indexes were calculated, i.e. total production cost of 1 l milk, net income from cattle production, net income from the production of 1 l milk, the value of milk production per cow and net income per cow. A more advantageous actual daily milk yield, daily milk yield expressed as FCM and VCM as well as the value of daily milk production were recorded for primiparous PHF cows in comparison to their Jersey peers. In that age group of cows in terms of milk composition, greater contents of fat, protein, solids as well as somatic cell count were found for primiparous Jersey cows. In the case of multiparous cows except for daily FCM and somatic cell count (means did not differ significantly), similar dependencies were recorded for the analysed parameters as those observed for primiparous cows. When comparing profitability indexes for raw milk production in the years 2014–2016 between the Jersey and PHF herds it was shown that in 2014 and 2015, despite lower average milk yields, net income from the production of 1 l milk was the greatest in the Jersey herd, while in 2016 a more advantageous value of this index was recorded for the PHF cows in relation to Jersey cows. In conclusion it may be stated that costs incurred for raw milk production are dependent on specific conditions in a given herd or farm, this it is a rational approach to continuously reduce outlays on milk production combined with improvement of production and functional traits in cows. If the total production costs per 1 l milk in the Jersey and the PHF herds are comparable, greater profitability of raw milk production is observed for Jersey cows. This results from the higher price for sale of milk coming from cows of this breed.Pozycja Open Access Genome Comparative Studies in the Phasianidae Family Part II. Interspecific Amplification in thr Family Phasianidae on the Example of Domestic Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Gruszczyńska, Joanna; Grzegrzółka, Beata; Morawska, Agnieszka; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, PolandIn studies aimed at understanding the genome of turkey, the great facilitation was the use of gene sequences and markers previously used to study the chicken genome. This was possible due to the fact that domestic chicken and wild turkey are phylogenetically related species with a common ancestor. In numerous analyses using chicken sequence, positive results of amplification of the turkey sequence were obtained, which accelerated the recognition of the genome of this species. Research aimed at the sequencing of the turkey genome used methods such as DNA microarrays, expression microarrays, identification of QTLs and candidate genes, and re-sequencing.Pozycja Open Access Potential Application of Microalgae in Animal Production(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Dobrowolska, Natasza; Krawczyk, Wojciech; Walczak, Jacek; Department of Production Systems and Environment, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland; Department of Production Systems and Environment, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland; Department of Production Systems and Environment, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, PolandThis article discusses the possibility of using microalgae in livestock production, with special reference to reducing harmful and noxious gas pollutant emission. Taking into consideration ongoing climate crisis the issue linked with reduction of gases from intensive animal production is a key important. Research shows that photosynthesizing properties of algae can be utilized for CO2 sequestration. Microalgae may be used as a method to reduces emissions of harmful gaseous components from natural fertilizers while enriching microalgae in N and P from manure or slurry. It is also worth noting that studies’ results show microalgae biomass may be used as a substrate for biofuel production and as a feed additive partly replacing cereals in animal diets. The possiblity of applying microalgae as a feed additive was confirmed in studies, where microalgal powder (MAP) was used in layer feeding. MAP – supplementation causes improvements in egg quality. Microalgae may be used as an alternative to fish oil in cows' diets, causing increase in content of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk. Another important use of the unicellular algal biomass in agriculture is biogas production. The aim of this article is to review and systematize the current state of knowledge on topic of the application microalgae in animal production.Pozycja Open Access The Content of Organochlorine Pesticides and their Derivatives in the Soil Near the Areas of Agrochemicals(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Ivankiv, Maryana; Vovk, Stakh; Marcynovsky, Vitaliy; Korinets, Yuriy; Department of Animal Science and Fodder Production, Lviv National Agrarian University, Ukraine; Institute of Agriculture of Carpathian Region, Ukraine; Department of Biology, Rivne State Humanitarian University, Ukraine; Department of Animal Science and Fodder Production, Lviv National Agrarian University, UkraineThey conducted an ecotoxicological survey of the soils of the sanitary zones of nonactive agrochemical warehouses and established the boundaries of chlorinated organic pesticide-polluted zones. Studies on dark grey, podzolized soils in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine found that there is a spatial migration of organochlorine pesticides and the degree of chemical degradation of soils is estimated.Pozycja Open Access Indication of Mycobacteria of Mammals and Birds at the ZOO(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Gavrilina, Olena; Alekseeva, Natalia; Pozmogova, Svetlana; Kostyuk, Volodymyr; Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Dnipro, Ukraine; Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Dnipro, Ukraine; National Scientific Center «Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine», Kharkiv, Ukraine; National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineThe results of allergic, bacteriological and biochemical studies in the diagnosis of mycobacterial infections of mammals and birds in the zoo of the municipal enterprise «T. H. Shevchenko park of Culture and Rest» Dnipro city are described. Comprehensive epizootic research was aimed at the exclusion of dangerous pathogenic mycobacteria. Zoological zones of pathogenic mycobacteria were not recorded in the environment and in animal organisms, but in the ground of enclosures and faeces we identified three cultures of acid-fast microorganisms, one of them was identified as M. flavescens, indicating the circulations of mycobacterial agents in internal and external environment of animal biotope of zoo.Pozycja Open Access Effect of Cow Age and Stocking Rate on Milk Output and Milking Duration(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2019) Wójcik, Piotr; Meller, Mariusz; Mróz, Piotr; Department of Cattle Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Kraków, Poland; The Dobrzyniewo Stud Ltd., Poland; Department of Cattle Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Kraków, PolandThe study was performed with Polish Holstein-Friesian (PHF) cows maintained in changing environmental conditions. Two groups of animals were established (with and without an outside yard), which were subjected to temporary crowding. The effects of age and rate of change in stocking density on milk output and milking duration were also determined. It was found in the study that cow age is a variable highly differentiating the cows in milk yield and milk quality parameters. The change in housing conditions (crowding) reduced milk yield by 8.92 kg in the section without outdoor access and by 7.46 kg in the section with outdoor access. In both experimental groups, milking time decreased with decreasing milk production. Outdoor access alleviated the adverse effects of increased stocking density and reduced stress.