1959, Nr 2
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Pozycja Open Access Kompleksometryczne oznaczanie wapnia i magnezu w surowicy krwi przy użyciu wskaźników mieszanych(1959) Dobrowolski, Jan; Świerczewska, Maria; Wyższa Szkoła Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Zakład Biochemii; Pomorska Akademia Medyczna w Szczecinie. Katedra Chemii OgólnejComplexometric determination of calcium and magnesium in blood serum was introduced by applying the glycocol buffer and the compound indicators prepared according to our own prescription. Addition of dye, acting as the background for the indicator proper, results in a more distinct change of colour of the solution in the end point of titration. For determination a solution of 0,001 N and 0,01 N disodium versenate was applied to a mixture of indicators consisting of: eriochrome black T. with napthol yellow (ratio 1 :1) for calcium and magnesium, and mixture of murexide with napthol green В (1 :1) for calcium. Titrations was performed in a medium of pH=10,0 (with eriochrome black T.) and pH = 12,0 (with murexide) and the buffer consisting of 0,1 n glycocol solution and 0,1 n NaOH was applied. The numerical analysis of results obtained during the investigations allows to draw the conclusion that the direct titration may be performed only with no less anamount than 0,5 ml of the blood serum. The less volumes give always the excess error. Blood — plasma proteins may be the cause of the titration error. More accurate results are obtained by precipitation of calcium as calcium oxalate. Analysing volumes of blood serum greater than 0,5 ml and properly diluted the accuracy of approximately ±1 percent for calcium and ±2 percent for magnesium may be obtained.Pozycja Open Access Drgania normalne i energia potencjalna cząsteczki kwasu mrówkowego(1959) Rytel, Marek; Wyższa Szkoła Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Katedra FizykiWilmshurst gave, on the basis of a quite convincing comparative argumentation, a somewhat different assignement of normal frequency vibration than did Sverdlov on the basis of normal coordinate treatment. Since the vibrations at issue are having close frequencies, and Sverdlov’s calculations did not seem to be quite accurate, the calculations have been repeated. (By the Eliashewich method; the secular equations were being solved on an analog type electric computer). Exact values of force constants as well as the normal mode have been cumulated. The results obtained do confirm the earlier Sverdlov assignement.Pozycja Open Access Zmiany anatomiczne i cytologiczne wywołane przez Myzus ribis L. w liściach porzeczek (ribes) i próby powiązania ich ze zbiorem owoców(1959) Sienicka, Antonina; Wyższa Szkoła Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Katedra BotanikiIt was the purpose of this study to give the anatomical and cytological analysis of currant leaves (Ribes) on which galls developed as consequence of Myzus ribis L. parasiting on them. The following varieties of currants have been investigated: Ribes Koehneamum Janczewski ('multif. x vulgare), Ribes Maximovichii Batalin, Ribes petraeum Wulf. var. atropurpureum C. A. Meyer, Ribes petraeum Wulf. var. bullatum Otto et Dietrich, Ribes petraeum Wulf. var. caucasicum Bieberstein, Ribes rubrum L. The investigations have been carried out both on live material and fixated in 70°/o alcohol, in Navaschin fluid, land on herbarium material. The deformations of leaves of the examined varieties of currants can be divided into three groups. We shall have the first grade deformation, where the leaf lamen is wrinkled. In these leaves no important anatomical changes are noticed. The leaves have normally formed guard-cells. The leaves on which vesicles develop, i-md in the cells anthocyanins are produced, and on the surface of epidermis multicellular filaments with fine cellular pellicle grow, we use to call deformations of the second gnade. These filaments (head-shaped) are formed by partition of one cell of the epider mis as can be seen in drawings 1—5. In young filament a zone of flat cells aajusing the growth of hair, can be distinguished (Drwg. 6). Leaves in the third grade of deformation have large vesicles spreading over the whole leaf lamen. The anatomical changes of these leaves are considerable. On the surface of the epidermis there arise structures with heavily thickened and corkyfied pellicles, that is to say big head-shaped small filaments (Drs. 13, 14, 15) and warts and emergencies of various types. Multi-headed bandy-formed filaments develop out of the common head-shaped ones, by partition of the apex (at some stage of evolution) into two or several parts. (Which oan be seen in the accompanying drawings). Sometimes there is no complete partition of the apex in the broad bandy-formed filament; the cells divide in perpendicular plane only (vertical to the width of filament) which causes the forming of a wide and short structure with some coalesced heads (Drwg. 15). There very often occur wart-like structures on the epidermis of the leaf. (Drs. 16—19) which arising initially laut of the cells of the epidermis, afterwards transform into large cupola-like emergencies. The pellicles of all the above described structures thicken and corkyfy. The leaf becomes thick, rigid, the guard-cells disappear, therefore access of light an exchange of gases is rendered more difficult. The epidermal cells, when stung by paraciting plantlice, become corky. The adjacent cells divide intensively, giving rise to a complex of large thin-walled cells. (Drwg. 23). Outside these cells there begin to form small cells, thick-walled, which eventually surround the above mentioned thin-walled cells together with the stung place, isolating them from the remaining part of the leaf (Drwg. 24) as it is the case in organ galls. This would confirm my assumption, previously raised (in my study 1950) that there is no essential difference between organ galls and tissue galls, and that this classification is purely a question of convention. Anatomical changes can also be seen in the deeper layers of the leaf. The assimilating pulp recedes gradually to the central portions of the leaf, and its place is beeing filled by Cytological changes can be observed in the growing cells, producing filaments. The cells of the head of filament have large cores; in them the core substance produces irregular, strongly dyeing in haematoxylin accumulations. Cytoplasm is spread equally in the cell. Great changes occur during the partition of the core and the cells. The mechanical filaments, occurring on sound leaves in the form of 1—2 cellular bristles, become under the influence of the Myzus ribi, long filaments sometimes consisting of several cells. The cells divide in an unusual, specific way. The core is being fragmented directly, splitting into several unequal parts, or it elongates excessively, producing ia bead-like structure, then the buds separate giving a multicore cell. Simultaneously, on the cellular pellicle in the inside direction of the cell there arise excrescences which, when growing, divide the cell into several smaller ones, with one or several cores. The pellicle excrescences may arise on one side only, or on either opposite side of the cell. In drawing 20, the stages of that interesting partition may be closely followed. In view of such great anatomical changes regarding the assimilating apparatus, a test has been carried out to ascertain whether or not the quantitative yield of fruit might be connected with the presence of Myzus ribis. Observations referring to this question have been dealt with in the second part of this study. The test has been carried out on twenty shrubs of Ribes rubrum fructu rubro. Ten of the shrubs were beeing treated as control shrubs. Galls have not been allowed to develop on them. Each control shrub had an equivalent and possibly similar shrub, growing on another site, and intended for observations on the quantitative changes of fruit bearing under the influence of galls. The observations have been carried out in the time from autumn 1954, till autumn 1956. Cultivating and disinfecting operations were alike for control plants as well as those intended for experimenting. The accompanying table shows the results of the observations. This test shows that the decrease in fruit yield seems to be in connection with third grade leaf deformations where guard-cells disappear, thick-walled cells develop under the epidermis layer, and on the epidermis corkyfied structures of various kind arise, what renders more difficult the access of sun rays and impedes transpiration. In view of this less assimilates are being produced as compared with plants where galls are not present, their inflow to produced fruits being insufficient, a large part of them does not mature and this in turn reduces the yield.Pozycja Open Access Wpływ warunków uprawy na plon ziemniaków i ich wartość reprodukcyjną : uwagi wstępne i przegląd literatury(1959) Songin, Włodzimierz; Wyższa Szkoła Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Katedra Szczegółowej Uprawy RoślinIn the Plant Selection Station, at Uszyce, field experiments have been carried out in the years 1954—1956, on the influence of cultivation conditions on the yield, and reproductive value of seedling potato tubers. In this experiment the seed tubers of four potato varieties were used, namely: Pierwiosnek, Żółciak, Dar and Lenino, which in the initial year were planted on the following three types of soils: Point 1. Podsolic sandy soil formed out of loose sands. „ 2. Light black earth. „ 3. Brown soil formed out of light loames. On point 3. the potato tubers were less struck by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuehn) than on points 1. and 2. of the seed tubers of potato from the least favourable cultivation conditions, that is from point 1. have been the worst as to the quality since they geve the lowest yield in the second year of reproduction. Yet in the third year of reproduction that unfavourable effect of those conditions has been completely levelled out, and no significant differences in yield amount relevant to the soil origin of the seed tubers have been noted. It must therefore be assumed that the reproductive value of the seed potatoes may be considered to be a certain complex of potential energy which in less favourable vegetation conditions might easily be inhibited. This inhibition, however, may not last for long, unless virus diseases occur in succesive years of reproduction; it may even recede as was the case in the described experiment.Pozycja Open Access Wstępne badania nad działaniem drenowania kreciego kretowania uprawnego oraz pogłębiacza i orki głębokiej na madzie ciężkiej Żuław Wiślanych(1959) Laskowski, S.; Fenglerowa, W.; Wyższa Szkoła Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Katedra Ogólnej Uprawy Roli i Roślin; Wyższa Szkoła Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Zakład Doświadczalny Stare PoleThe main purpose of the work undertaken was to find an, as universal as possible, explanation of the effect of mean and deep tillage, mole tillage and mole draining on plant yielding, within a crop rotation. All these operations are executed on heavy mean-glacy middle aluvial soils. Tho influence of these kinds of ploughing on microbiological conditions of heavy mades is represented in diagram 2. It was stated that the effects of mean (28— 30 cm) and deep tillage (30—35 cm) within a crop rotation are very similar. As compared with shallow tillage (20—23 cm) the above mentioned operations, contribute to a crop increase in the first and second year, after they have been applied. In the third year the application of these tillages did not show any advantageous effects and on the contrary has caused a decrease of crop yielding. Among all tractors being at present in use a Famo Boxer, DT-54 and Fiat 55L, can only be applied for mean deep tillage executed with a 3-furrow plough and provided with the fore-shares. The application of a share-shaped subsoiler does not always increase the crop yielding within a crop rotation. The subsoiler applied in shallow tillage causes in the first year a rise of crops similar to that obtained by mean deep ploughing. In the second year alter its application a distinctly lower effect has been observed as compared with that of mean deep tillage. Hence it can be supposed that the effects resulting of subsoiler application in shallow tillage are of a shorter duration than of those mean deep tillage. At the same time the power required for shallow tillage with a subsoiler is much higher as compared with the one required for mean deep tillage. Mole cultivation executed in case of a deep tillage by means of a suboiler of Stare Pole Works construction (Fig. 1) creates in a particular depth some advantageous conditions for microflora and microfauna and at the same time renders possible the development and growth of the roots in crop rotation. The results of our investigation have shown that mole tillage exerts a significant effect on the growth of sugar beet crop, regardless, whether this operation was applied directly (Table 6) or resulted as a successiveness (table 7). No advantageous influence of mole tillage as well as of others special cultivations was observed on potato crop. On the basis of an analysis carried out on the effect of mole draining on the development of soil microflora it can be stated that this operation results above all in microflorp growth in the uppersoil layer (table 11 and 12). Mole draining executed at a depth of 55—60 cm. and at a distance among individual drainage courses of 1,5 cm. exerts within a crop rotation an advantageous effect as an agrotechnical operation. In such a case it can be replaced with succes by mole cultivation which is found to be a much cheaper operation and gives similar effect if compared with the former (tables 5, 6 and 7). The influence of mole draining as well as mole tillage on microflora was expressed in the first year after its application by ;a raise of the quantity of bacteria (general quantity and asotobacter) and by a distinct increase of their activity i. e. fall of relative quantity of bacteria spores. Above all the effect of mole draining on micro flora was evident in deeper layers of the soil 25—30 cm). In the second and even third year after the above mentioned operation has been performed, the reaction of microflora was also disclosed in the upperlayers of the soil, but not as distincly as it was stated for the deeper ones. In the deeper layers of soil, not only the growth of general quantity of bacteria and azotobacters was stated, but also a certain intensification of nitrification processes was noticed, if compared with deep tillage. It is necessary to stress that on experimnetial fields where mole draining and mole cultivation was performed a greater activity of nitrification processes in deeper soil layers (25—30 cm) was stated as compared with the ones where only a simple tillage took place. At the end of the work it is necessary to conclude that in a crop rotation~the results of a complex effect of special cultivations depend not only on plants but also on water deficiency established in relation to the optimal water demand of various plant species in their critical period. The higher level of agrotechnic resulting from the application of special cultivations is the better expressed the greater are water deficiency in small critical periods. The development and microflora activity, especially in surface layer of the soil, depends more on average precipitations than on application of special cultivations. Lack of precipitations has restricted significantly the microbiological dynamic of soil and in connection with it has augmented the bacteria transformation from active forms into spores (table 5).Pozycja Open Access Gleby i roślinność zielonych użytków doliny dolnej Odry. Szkic przyrodniczo-gospodarczy(1959) Borowiec, Saturnin; Kwarta, Czesław; Wyższa Szkoła Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Katedra Gleboznawstwa; Wyższa Szkoła Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Katedra Uprawy Łąk i PastwiskSoils and Flora in the Lower Oder Valley. This study contains the results of preliminary investigations concsrning the bog soils in the lower Oder valley, and its flora. In the course of laboratory and terrain investigations, the following sub-types of bog soils were determined, and characterized generally: 1) Peaty soils, 2) Silty-peaty soils, 3) Silty bog soils, 4) Mursh soils. These soils, with the exception of the mursh soils, are excessively moist because of their deep location — (most of them 0.3 m. below the sea level). Because of the large area they occupy, the peaty soils, and silty-peaty soils are of the greatest economical importance. In deciding on any economical steps especially after having settled the water conditions, the specific feature of these soils in view of their physical and chemical properties, response to fertilization, and their suitability as grazing land must be taken into account. The state of plant in this area did not change essentially as compared with that of fifty or thirty years ago. At present the following more important plant communities have been noted in the plant cover of the Lower Oder valley: 1) Plant Community of the type of: High sedges, 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ Reed sweet grass, 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ Meadow foxtail, 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ Chevings’s fescue, Meadow soft grass and Bird grass, 5) „ „ „ „ „ „ Manna grass, 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ Reed canary grass. The greatest economical importance represent the plant communities of the high sedges type, and the reed sweet grass communities which mainly cover the investigated area. It is the excessive moisture, and lack of any water movement even its stagnancy, that condition their occurrence. Plant communities of high sedges occur mainly on peaty soils. Plant communities of reed sweet grass occupy mainly silty-peaty soils. This is a general regularity which does not apply to smaller portions of meadows. These plant communities have a low forage value. The flora here, is exuberant what may be a further evidence of the potential fertility of the habitat. The analysis of plant and soil conditions indicates the necessity of settling the water conditions, what in turn might improve the qualitative composition of the flora itself. The character of the nature of the region would predespose it for maintaining meadows of the -liable to inundation-type. On some parts of the meadows, in more favourable water conditions, on siltypeaty soils there are possibilities of developing pasture husbandry.