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Pozycja Open Access CO2 Adsorption Study of Potassium‐Based Activation of Carbon Spheres(MDPI, 2022-07-05) Pełech, Iwona; Staciwa, Piotr; Sibera, Daniel; Pełech, Robert; Sobczuk, Konrad S.; Kayalar, Gulsen Yagmur; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Cormia, Robert; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Chemistry Faculty, Chemistry Department, Foothill CollegeThe adsorption properties of microporous spherical carbon materials obtained from the resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, treated in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves and then subjected to carbonization, are presented. The potassium-based activation of carbon spheres was carried out in two ways: solution-based and solid-based methods. The effect of various factors, such as chemical agent selection, chemical activating agent content, and the temperature or time of activation, was investigated. The influence of microwave treatment on the adsorption properties was also investigated and described. The adsorption performance of carbon spheres was evaluated in detail by examining CO2 adsorption from the gas phase.Pozycja Open Access CO2 Sorbents Based on Spherical Carbon and Photoactive Metal Oxides: Insight into Adsorption Capacity, Selectivity and Regenerability(MDPI, 2022-10-11) Pełech, Iwona; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Staciwa, Piotr; Sibera, Daniel; Kapica-Kozar, Joanna; Wanag, Agnieszka; Latzke, Filip; Pawłowska, Karolina; Michalska, Adrianna; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni W.; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w SzczecinieThis work aimed to obtain hybrid composites based on photoactive metal oxide and carbon having adsorption properties. The materials, composed of titanium dioxide or zinc oxide and spherical carbon, were obtained from resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, treated in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves and then subjected to carbonization, were received. The functional groups of pure carbon spheres (unsaturated stretching C=C, stretching C-OH and C-H bending vibrations), CS/ZnO and CS/TiO2 samples were determined by FT-IR analysis. The characteristic bands for ZnO and TiO2 were observed below 1000 cm(-1). The thermal oxidative properties are similar for TiO2- and ZnO-modified carbon spheres. We have observed that the increased carbon sphere content in nanocomposites results in starting the decomposition process at a lower temperature, therefore, nanocomposites have a broader combustion temperature range. The effect of the oxides' addition to carbon spheres on their adsorption properties was evaluated in detail by examining CO2 adsorption from the gas phase. The selectivity of CO2 over N-2 at a temperature of 25 degrees C and pressure of 1 bar (a novelty in testing CS-based sorbents) calculated for 3.00 CS/TiO2 and 4.00 CS/ZnO was 15.09 and 16.95, respectively. These nanocomposites exhibit excellent cyclic stability checked over 10 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles.Pozycja Embargo Effect of microwave assisted solvothermal process parameters on carbon dioxide adsorption properties of microporous carbon materials(Elsevier, 2020-08-02) Staciwa, Piotr; Sibera, Daniel; Pełech, Iwona; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Lojkowski, Witold; Dąbrowska, Sylwia; Cormia, Robert; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Instytut Wysokich Ciśnień Polskiej Akademii Nauk; Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Science; Politechnika Warszawska. Wydział Inżynierii Materiałowej; Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology; Chemistry Faculty, Chemistry Department, Foothill CollegeIn this work, production and characterization of carbon spheres from resorcinol and formaldehyde, using a microwave assisted solvothermal reactor, is presented. The influence of different experimental conditions, e.g., reaction time, pressure, and power, on the structure of the obtained materials, and carbon dioxide adsorption properties, was studied. Using the method described in this work, it is possible to significantly reduce the reaction time, to as low as 10 min, compared with widely described processes carried out in autoclaves, requiring several hours. Simultaneously, it was discovered that the application of higher reactor pressures, over 3 MPa, resulted in the destruction of spherical shape and the formation of graphitic layers. The importance of micropores below 0.4 nm, for adsorption of carbon dioxide, was also shown in this work. Microporous carbon spheres with efficient CO2 adsorption properties (nearly 7 mmol/g at 1 bar and 0 ◦C) were synthesized using this process.Pozycja Open Access The Effect of the Modification of Carbon Spheres with ZnCl2 on the Adsorption Properties towards CO2(MDPI, 2022-02) Pełech, Iwona; Staciwa, Piotr; Sibera, Daniel; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Morawski, Antoni W.; Kapica-Kozar, Joanna; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Department of General Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in SzczecinZinc chloride and potassium oxalate are often applied as activating agents for carbon materials. In this work, we present the preparation of ZnO/carbon spheres composites using resorcinol-formaldehyde resin as a carbon source in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves. Zinc chloride as a zinc oxide source and potassium oxalate as an activating agent were applied. The effect of their addition and preparation conditions on the adsorption properties towards carbon dioxide at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C were investigated. Additionally, for all tested sorbents, the CO2 sorption tests at 40 degrees C, carried out utilizing a thermobalance, confirmed the trend of sorption capacity measured at 0 and 25 degrees C. Furthermore, the sample activated using potassium oxalate and modified using zinc chloride (a carbon-to-zinc ratio equal to 10:1) displayed not only a high CO2 adsorption capacity (2.69 mmol CO2/g at 40 degrees C) but also exhibited a stable performance during the consecutive multicycle adsorption-desorption process.Pozycja Open Access Influence of Potassium-Based Activation on Adsorptive Properties of Carbon Spheres Modified with Iron(III) Citrate(MDPI, 2023-07-25) Pełech, Iwona; Sibera, Daniel; Staciwa, Piotr; Sobczuk, Konrad S.; Narkiewicz, Urszula; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environmental Engineering, 70-322 Szczecin, ul Pułaskiego 10, Poland; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej. Katedra Technologii Chemicznej Nieorganicznej i Inżynierii Środowiska.; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Budownictwa i Inżynierii Środowiska.Composites synthesized from iron(III) citrate and carbon spheres, and activated with potassium compounds were prepared and then characterized using XRD, SEM, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption methods. The adsorption properties of the composites toward carbon dioxide were assessed using CO2 uptake measurement, as well as by measuring their selectivity toward carbon dioxide, given their further application as photocatalysts for the reduction of this gas. The effect of changing preparation conditions on the structural and adsorption properties of the material was assessed. The potential strength of such material is a synergistic effect between the high adsorption capacity related to the microporosity of carbon spheres combined with the catalytic properties of iron particles.Pozycja Open Access Pressureless and Low-Pressure Synthesis of Microporous Carbon Spheres Applied to CO2 Adsorption(MDPI, 2020-10-13) Pełech, Iwona; Sibera, Daniel; Staciwa, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Cormia, Robert; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej; Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin; Chemistry Faculty, Chemistry Department, Foothill CollegeIn this work, low-pressure synthesis of carbon spheres from resorcinol and formaldehyde using an autoclave is presented. The influence of reaction time and process temperature as well as the e ect of potassium oxalate, an activator, on the morphology and CO2 adsorption properties was studied. The properties of materials produced at pressureless (atmospheric) conditions were compared with those synthesized under higher pressures. The results of this work show that enhanced pressure treatment is not necessary to produce high-quality carbon spheres, and the morphology and porosity of the spheres produced without an activation step at pressureless conditions are not significantly di erent from those obtained at higher pressures. In addition, CO2 uptake was not a ected by elevated pressure synthesis. It was also demonstrated that addition of the activator (potassium oxalate) had much more e ect on key properties than the applied pressure treatment. The use of potassium oxalate as an activator caused non-uniform size distribution of spherical particles. Simultaneously higher values of surface area and total pore volumes were reached. A pressure treatment of the carbon materials in the autoclave significantly enhanced the CO2 uptake at 25 C, but had no e ect on it at 0 C.Pozycja Open Access ZnO/Carbon Spheres with Excellent Regenerability for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture(MDPI, 2021-10-28) Pełech, Iwona; Sibera, Daniel; Staciwa, Piotr; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Kapica-Kozar, Joanna; Wanag, Agnieszka; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni W.; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej. Katedra Technologii Chemicznej Nieorganicznej i Inżynierii Środowiska; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Budownictwa i Inżynierii Środowiska. Katedra Budownictwa Ogólnego; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering. Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department of General Civil EngineeringThis paper examines the synthesis of the ZnO/carbon spheres composites using resorcinol—formaldehyde resin as a carbon source and zinc nitrate as a zinc oxide source in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves. The influence of activation with potassium oxalate and modification with zinc nitrate on the physicochemical properties of the obtained materials and CO2 adsorption capacity was investigated. It was found that in the case of nonactivated material as well as activated materials, the presence of zinc oxide in the carbon matrix had no effect or slightly increased the values of CO2 adsorption capacity. Only for the material where the weight ratio of carbon:zinc was 2:1, the decrease of CO2 adsorption capacity was reported. Additionally, CO2 adsorption experiments on nonactivated carbon spheres and those activated with potassium oxalate with different amounts of zinc nitrate were carried out at 40 °C using thermobalance. The highest CO2 adsorption capacity at temperature 40 °C (2.08 mmol/g adsorbent) was achieved for the material after activation with potassium oxalate with the highest zinc nitrate content as ZnO precursor. Moreover, repeated adsorption/desorption cycle experiments revealed that the as-prepared carbon spheres were very good CO2 adsorbents, exhibiting excellent cyclic stability with a performance decay of less than 10% over up to 25 adsorption-desorption cycles.